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TECHNICAL PAPERS: Gas Turbines: Combustion and Fuel

# $NOx$ Emissions of a Premixed Partially Vaporized Kerosene Spray Flame

[+] Author and Article Information
Stefan Baessler1

Lehrstuhl für Thermodynamik, Technische Unversität München, D-85748 Garching, Germanybaessler@td.mw.tum.de

Klaus G. Mösl, Thomas Sattelmayer

Lehrstuhl für Thermodynamik, Technische Unversität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany

1

Corresponding author.

J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power 129(3), 695-702 (Oct 24, 2006) (8 pages) doi:10.1115/1.2718570 History: Received October 14, 2006; Revised October 24, 2006

## Abstract

An important question for future aeroengine combustors is how partial vaporization influences the $NOx$ emissions of spray flames. In order to address this question an experimental study of the combustion of partially vaporized kerosene/air mixtures was conducted. This assesses the influence of the degree of fuel vaporization on the $NOx$ emissions in a wide range of equivalence ratios covering the entire lean burning regime. The tests were performed at atmospheric pressure, inlet air temperatures of $313–376K$, a reference mean air velocity of $1.35m∕s$, and equivalence ratios of 0.6, 0.7, and 0.9 using Jet A1 fuel. An ultrasonic atomizer was used to generate a fuel spray with a Sauter Mean Diameter of approximately $50μm$. The spray and the heated air were mixed in a glass tube of $71mm$ diameter and a variable length of $0.5–1m$. The temperature of the mixing air and the length of the preheater tube were used for the control of the degree of vaporization. Downstream of the vaporizing section, the mixture was ignited and the flame was stabilized with a hot wire ring that was electrically heated. For local exhaust measurements a temperature controlled suction probe in combination with a conventional gas analysis system were used. The vaporized ratio of the injected fuel was determined by a Phase Doppler Anemometer (PDA). In order to optimize the accuracy of these measurements extensive validation tests with a patternator method were performed and a calibration curve was derived. The data collected in this study illustrates the effect of the vaporization rate $ψ$ upstream of the flame front on the $NOx$ emissions which changes with varying equivalence ratio and degree of vaporization. In the test case with low prevaporization the equivalence ratio only has a minor influence on the $NOx$ emissions. Experiments made with air preheat and higher degrees of vaporization show two effects: With increasing preheat air temperature, $NOx$ emissions increase due to higher effective flame temperatures. However, with an increasing degree of vaporization, emissions become lower due to the dropping number and size of burning droplets, which act as hot spots. A correction for the effect of the preheat temperature was developed. It reveals the effect of the degree of prevaporization and shows that the $NOx$ emissions are almost independent of $ψ$ for near-stoichiometric operation. At overall lean conditions the $NOx$ emissions drop nonlinearly with $ψ$. This leads to the conclusion that a high degree of vaporization is required in order to achieve substantial $NOx$ abatement.

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Copyright © 2007 by American Society of Mechanical Engineers
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## Figures

Figure 1

Partially prevaporized spray burner (PPSB) with variable tube length L

Figure 2

Calibration curves for the PDA mass flux data using the Dantec/Saffman method and Eq. 14 (FIT)

Figure 3

Quality of the PDA mass flux data after calibration using the Dantec/Saffman method

Figure 4

Quality of the PDA mass flux data after calibration using Eq. 14

Figure 5

Mass flux distribution by PDA at different tube lengths (V̇w=15mL∕min)

Figure 6

Degree of vaporization for different spray flow rates V̇k and tube length L

Figure 7

Degree of vaporization for different tube lengths L and volumetric flow rate V̇k

Figure 8

Influence of the degree of vaporization ψ on the NOx emissions (equivalence ratio 0.9)

Figure 9

Influence of the degree of vaporization ψ on the NOx emissions (equivalence ratio 0.7)

Figure 10

Influence of the degree of vaporization ψ on the NOx emissions (equivalence ratio 0.6)

Figure 11

Influence of the preheat temperature Tp on the NOx emissions (laminar premixed n-heptane flame)

Figure 12

Influence of the degree of vaporization ψ on the NOx emissions corrected to Tref=313K(ϕ=0.9)

Figure 13

Influence of the degree of vaporization ψ on the NOx emissions corrected to Tref=313K(ϕ=0.7)

Figure 14

Influence of the degree of vaporization ψ on the NOx emissions corrected to Tref=313K(ϕ=0.6)

## Errata

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