Abstract
The appropriate temperature distribution is indispensable to lithium-ion battery module, especially during the fast charging of the sudden braking process. Thermal properties of each battery cell are obtained from numerical heat generation model and experimental data, and the deviation of thermophysical performance is analyzed by K-means clustering and hierarchical clustering to select battery cells with similar performance. Thermal performance of lithium-ion cells under different charging rates is investigated in experiments and the effects of different mini-channel designs discussed using numerical simulation, maximum temperature, maximum pressure, and temperature standard deviation are compared by both numerical calculation and experimental validation. Two kinds of cooling plates are selected, considering the uniformity of temperature distribution and energy consumption, respectively. All of these cooling plate designs have the ability to constrain the maximum temperature and temperature standard deviation within 306 K and 1.2 K, respectively. Additionally, this thermal management system does not need too much energy consumption. In experimental validation, deviation of maximum temperature is measured to be within 2.2 K and difference of temperature standard deviation is also within tolerance.
Issue Section:
Special Issue: Heat Transfer and Thermal Management in Li-ion Cells and Battery Packs
Keywords:
battery thermal management,
lithium-ion battery,
k-means clustering,
hierarchical clustering,
heat dissipation
Topics:
Batteries,
Cooling,
Heat,
Temperature,
Lithium-ion batteries,
Pressure,
Thermal management,
Design
References
1.
Skerlos
, S. J.
, and Winebrake
, J. J.
, 2010
, “Targeting Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Policies to Increase Social Benefits
,” Energy Policy
, 38
(2
), pp. 705
–708
. 10.1016/j.enpol.2009.11.0142.
Adnan
, N.
, Nordin
, S.M.
, Rahman
, I.
, Vasant
, P.M.
and Noor
, A.
, “A Comprehensive Review on Theoretical Framework-Based Electric Vehicle Consumer Adoption Research
,” Int. J. Energy Res.
, 41
(3
) pp. 317
–335
. 10.1002/er.36403.
Mao
, C.
, Ruther
, R. E.
, Li
, J.
, Du
, Z.
, and Belharouak
, I.
, 2018
, “Identifying the Limiting Electrode in Lithium Ion Batteries for Extreme Fast Charging
,” Electrochem. Commun.
, 97
, pp. 37
–41
. 10.1016/j.elecom.2018.10.0074.
Bryden
, T. S.
, Hilton
, G.
, Cruden
, A.
, and Holton
, T.
, 2018
, “Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Station Usage and Power Requirements
,” Energy
, 152
, pp. 322
–332
. 10.1016/j.energy.2018.03.1495.
Wen
, J.
, Yan
, Y.
, and Chen
, C.
, 2012
, “A Review on Lithium-Ion Batteries Safety Issues: Existing Problems and Possible Solutions
,” Mater. Express
, 2
(3
), pp. 197
–212(16)
. 10.1166/mex.2012.10756.
Zheng
, Y.
, Shi
, Y.
, and Huang
, Y.
, 2019
, “Optimisation With Adiabatic Interlayers for Liquid-Dominated Cooling System on Fast Charging Battery Packs
,” Appl. Therm. Eng.
, 147
, pp. 636
–646
. 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.10.0907.
Jarrett
, A.
, and Kim
, I. Y.
, 2011
, “Design Optimization of Electric Vehicle Battery Cooling Plates for Thermal Performance
,” J. Power Sources
, 196
(23
), pp. 10359
–10368
. 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.06.0908.
Neubauer
, J.
, and Wood
, E.
, 2014
, “The Impact of Range Anxiety and Home, Workplace, and Public Charging Infrastructure on Simulated Battery Electric Vehicle Lifetime Utility
,” J. Power Sources
, 257
, pp. 12
–20
. 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.01.0759.
Morrissey
, P.
, Weldon
, P.
, and O’Mahony
, M.
, 2016
, “Future Standard and Fast Charging Infrastructure Planning: An Analysis of Electric Vehicle Charging Behaviour
,” Energy Policy
, 89
, pp. 257
–270
. 10.1016/j.enpol.2015.12.00110.
Ye
, Y.
, Saw
, L. H.
, Shi
, Y.
, and Tay
, A. A. O.
, 2015
, “Numerical Analyses on Optimizing a Heat Pipe Thermal Management System for Lithium-Ion Batteries During Fast Charging
,” Appl. Therm. Eng.
, 86
, pp. 281
–291
. 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.04.06611.
Lin
, C.
, Xu
, S.
, Chang
, G.
, and Liu
, J.
, 2015
, “Experiment and Simulation of a LiFePO4 Battery Pack With a Passive Thermal Management System Using Composite Phase Change Material and Graphite Sheets
,” J. Power Sources
, 275
, pp. 742
–749
. 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.11.06812.
Worwood
, D.
, Kellner
, Q.
, Wojtala
, M.
, Widanage
, W. D.
, McGlen
, R.
, Greenwood
, D.
, and Marco
, J.
, 2017
, “A New Approach to the Internal Thermal Management of Cylindrical Battery Cells for Automotive Applications
,” J. Power Sources
, 346
, pp. 151
–166
. 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.02.02313.
Peng
, X.
, Ma
, C.
, Garg
, A.
, Bao
, N.
, and Liao
, X.
, 2019
, “Thermal Performance Investigation of an Air-Cooled Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Considering the Inconsistency of Battery Cells
,” Appl. Therm. Eng.
, 153
, pp. 596
–603
. 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.03.04214.
Li
, W.
, Xiao
, M.
, Peng
, X.
, Garg
, A.
, and Gao
, L.
, 2019
, “A Surrogate Thermal Modeling and Parametric Optimization of Battery Pack With Air Cooling for EVs[J]
,” Appl. Therm. Eng.
, 147
, pp. 90
–100
. 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.10.06015.
Saw
, L. H.
, Ye
, Y.
, Tay
, A. A. O.
, Chong
, W. T.
, Kuan
, S. H.
, and Yew
, M. C.
, 2016
, “Computational Fluid Dynamic and Thermal Analysis of Lithium-Ion Battery Pack With Air Cooling
,” Appl. Energy
, 177
, pp. 783
–792
. 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.05.12216.
Parsons
, K. K.
, and Mackin
, T. J.
, 2017
, “Design and Simulation of Passive Thermal Management System for Lithium-Ion Battery Packs on an Unmanned Ground Vehicle
,” ASME J. Therm. Sci. Eng. Appl.
, 9
(1
), p. 011012
. 10.1115/1.403490417.
Zhu
, C.
, Li
, X.
, Song
, L.
, and Xiang
, L.
, 2013
, “Development of a Theoretically Based Thermal Model for Lithium Ion Battery Pack
,” J. Power Sources
, 223
, pp. 155
–164
. 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.09.03518.
Xu
, M.
, Wang
, R.
, Reichman
, B.
, and Wang
, X.
, 2018
, “Modeling the Effect of two-Stage Fast Charging Protocol on Thermal Behavior and Charging Energy Efficiency of Lithium-Ion Batteries
,” J. Energy Storage
, 20
, pp. 298
–309
. 10.1016/j.est.2018.09.00419.
Chen
, S.
, Peng
, X.
, Bao
, N.
, and Garg
, A.
, 2019
, “A Comprehensive Analysis and Optimization Process for an Integrated Liquid Cooling Plate for a Prismatic Lithium-Ion Battery Module
,” Appl. Therm. Eng.
, 156
, pp. 324
–339
. 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.04.08920.
Bandhauer
, T.
, Garimella
, S.
, and Fuller
, T. F.
, 2015
, “Electrochemical-Thermal Modeling to Evaluate Battery Thermal Management Strategies I Side Cooling
,” J. Electrochem. Soc.
, 162
(1
), pp. A125
–A136
. 10.1149/2.0571501jes21.
Chen
, D.
, Jiang
, J.
, Kim
, G.-H.
, Yang
, C.
, and Pesaran
, A.
, 2016
, “Comparison of Different Cooling Methods for Lithium Ion Battery Cells
,” Appl. Therm. Eng.
, 94
, pp. 846
–854
. 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.10.01522.
Wang
, Q.
, Jiang
, B.
, Li
, B.
, and Yan
, Y.
, 2016
, “A Critical Review of Thermal Management Models and Solutions of Lithium-Ion Batteries for the Development of Pure Electric Vehicles
,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
, 64
, pp. 106
–128
. 10.1016/j.rser.2016.05.03323.
Li
, J.
, Huang
, J.
, and Cao
, M.
, 2018
, “Properties Enhancement of Phase-Change Materials via Silica and Al Honeycomb Panels for the Thermal Management of LiFeO4 Batteries
,” Appl. Therm. Eng.
, 131
, pp. 660
–668
. 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.12.02324.
Zhao
, J.
, Lv
, P.
, and Rao
, Z.
, 2017
, “Experimental Study on the Thermal Management Performance of Phase Change Material Coupled With Heat Pipe for Cylindrical Power Battery Pack
,” Exp. Therm. Fluid. Sci.
, 82
, pp. 182
–188
. 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.11.01725.
Song
, W.
, Bai
, F.
, Chen
, M.
, Lin
, S.
, Feng
, Z.
, and Li
, Y.
, 2018
, “Thermal Management of Standby Battery for Outdoor Base Station Based on the Semiconductor Thermoelectric Device and Phase Change Materials
,” Appl. Therm. Eng.
, 137
, pp. 203
–217
. 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.03.07226.
Wilke
, S.
, Schweitzer
, B.
, Khateeb
, S.
, and Al-Hallaj
, S.
, 2017
, “Preventing Thermal Runaway Propagation in Lithium Ion Battery Packs Using a Phase Change Composite Material: An Experimental Study
,” J. Power Sources
, 340
, pp. 51
–59
. 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.11.01827.
Wang
, Z.
, Zhang
, H.
, and Xia
, X.
, 2017
, “Experimental Investigation on the Thermal Behavior of Cylindrical Battery With Composite Paraffin and Fin Structure
,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
, 109
, pp. 958
–970
. 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.02.05728.
Panchal
, S.
, Dincer
, I.
, Agelin-Chaab
, M.
, Fraser
, R.
, and Fowler
, M.
, 2016
, “Thermal Modeling and Validation of Temperature Distributions in a Prismatic Lithium-Ion Battery at Different Discharge Rates and Varying Boundary Conditions
,” Appl. Therm. Eng.
, 96
, pp. 190
–199
. 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.11.01929.
Zhang
, T.
, Gao
, Q.
, Wang
, G.
, Gu
, Y.
, Wang
, Y.
, Bao
, W.
, and Zhang
, D.
, 2017
, “Investigation on the Promotion of Temperature Uniformity for the Designed Battery Pack With Liquid Flow in Cooling Process
,” Appl. Therm. Eng.
, 116
, pp. 655
–662
. 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.01.06930.
Li
, K.
, Yan
, J.
, Chen
, H.
, and Wang
, Q.
, 2018
, “Water Cooling Based Strategy for Lithium Ion Battery Pack Dynamic Cycling for Thermal Management System
,” Appl. Therm. Eng.
, 132
, pp. 575
–585
. 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.12.13131.
Lan
, C.
, Xu
, J.
, Qiao
, Y.
, and Ma
, Y.
, 2016
, “Thermal Management for High Power Lithium-Ion Battery by Minichannel Aluminum Tubes
,” Appl. Therm. Eng.
, 101
, pp. 284
–292
. 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.02.07032.
Xu
, J.
, Lan
, C.
, Qiao
, Y.
, and Ma
, Y.
, 2017
, “Prevent Thermal Runaway of Lithium-Ion Batteries With Minichannel Cooling
,” Appl. Therm. Eng.
, 110
, pp. 883
–890
. 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.08.15133.
Yang
, L.
, and Ribberink
, H.
, 2019
, “Investigation of the Potential to Improve DC Fast Charging Station Economics by Integrating Photovoltaic Power Generation and/or Local Battery Energy Storage System
,” Energy
, 167
, pp. 246
–259
. 10.1016/j.energy.2018.10.14734.
Sturm
, J.
, Rheinfeld
, A.
, Zilberman
, I.
, Spingler
, F. B.
, Kosch
, S.
, Frie
, F.
, and Jossen
, A.
, 2019
, “Modeling and Simulation of Inhomogeneities in a 18650 Nickel-Rich, Silicon-Graphite Lithium-Ion Cell During Fast Charging
,” J. Power Sources
, 412
, pp. 204
–223
. 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.11.04335.
Bernadi
, D.
, Newman
, B.
, and Pawlikowski
, 1985
, “A General Energy-Balance for Battery Systems
,” J. Electrochem. Soc.
, 132
(1
), pp. 5
–12
.36.
Hung
, C.-H.
, Chiou
, H.-M.
, and Yang
, W.-N.
, 2013
, “Candidate Groups Search for K-Harmonic Means Data Clustering
,” Appl. Math. Modell.
, 37
(24
), pp. 10123
–10128
. 10.1016/j.apm.2013.05.05237.
Li
, W.
, Chen
, S.
, Peng
, X.
, Xiao
, M.
, Gao
, L.
, Garg
, A.
, and Bao
, N.
, 2019
, “A Comprehensive Approach for the Clustering of Similar-Performance Cells for the Design of a Lithium-Ion Battery Module for Electric Vehicles
,” Engineering
, 5
(4
), pp. 795
–802
. 10.1016/j.eng.2019.07.00538.
Huo
, Y.
, Rao
, Z.
, Liu
, X.
, and Zhao
, J.
, 2015
, “Investigation of Power Battery Thermal Management by Using Mini-Channel Cold Plate
,” Energy Convers. Manage.
, 89
, pp. 387
–395
. 10.1016/j.enconman.2014.10.01539.
Jarrett
, A.
, and Kim
, I. Y.
, 2014
, “Influence of Operating Conditions on the Optimum Design of Electric Vehicle Battery Cooling Plates
,” J. Power Sources
, 245
, pp. 644
–655
. 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.06.11440.
Zhao
, C.
, Sousa
, A. C. M.
, and Jiang
, F.
, 2019
, “Minimization of Thermal Non-Uniformity in Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Cooled by Channeled Liquid Flow
,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
, 129
, pp. 660
–670
. 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.10.01741.
Shang
, Z.
, Qi
, H.
, Liu
, X.
, Ouyang
, C.
, and Wang
, Y.
, 2019
, “Structural Optimization of Lithium-Ion Battery for Improving Thermal Performance Based on a Liquid Cooling System
,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
, 130
, pp. 33
–41
. 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.10.07442.
Ruhatiya
, C.
, Singh
, S.
, Goyal
, A.
, Niu
, X.
, Nguyen
, T. N. H.
, Le
, M. L. P.
, and Gao
, L.
, 2019
, “Electrochemical Performance Enhancement of Sodium-Ion Batteries Fabricated With NaNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 Cathodes Using Support Vector Regression-Simplex Algorithm Approach
,” ASME J. Electrochem. Energy Convers. Storage
, 17
(1
), pp. 1
–20
. 10.1115/1.404435843.
Jiang
, D.
, Wu
, K.
, Chen
, D.
, Tu
, G.
, Zhou
, T.
, Garg
, A.
, and Gao
, L.
, 2019
, “A Probability and Integrated Learning Based Classification Algorithm for High-Level Human Emotion Recognition Problems
,” Measurement
, 150
, p. 107049
. 10.1016/j.measurement.2019.10704944.
Yun
, L.
, Sandoval
, J.
, Zhang
, J.
, and Wang
, C. T.
, 2019
, “Lithium-Ion Battery Packs Formation With Improved Electrochemical Performance for Electric Vehicles: Experimental and Clustering Analysis
,” ASME J. Electrochem. Energy Convers. Storage
, 16
(2
), p. 021011
. 10.1115/1.4042093Copyright © 2019 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
