Turbulent secondary flows are motions in the transverse plane, perpendicular to a main, axial flow. They are encountered in non-circular ducts and can, although the velocity is only of the order of 1–3% of the streamwise bulk velocity, affect the characteristics of the mean flow and the turbulent structure. In this work, the focus is on secondary flow in semi-circular ducts which has previously not been reported. Both numerical and experimental analyses are carried out with high accuracy. It is found that the secondary flow in semi-circular ducts consists of two pairs of counter rotating corner vortices, with a velocity in the range reported previously for related configurations. Agreement between simulation and experimental results are excellent when using a second moment closure turbulence model, and when taking the experimental and numerical uncertainty into account. New and unique results of the secondary flow in semi-circular ducts have been derived from verified simulations and validating laser-based experiments.
References
1.
Petterson
, R. B.
, and Andersson
, H.
, 2002, “Prediction of Turbulence-Generated Secondary Mean Flow in a Square Duct,”
Flow, Turbul. Combust.
, 68
, pp. 41
–61
.2.
Shimizu
, Y.
, Futaki
, Y.
, and Martin
, C. S.
, 1992, “Secondary Flow and Hydraulic Losses within Sinuous Conduits of Rectangular Cross Section,”
J. Fluids Eng.
, 114
, pp. 593
–600
.3.
Liou
, T.-M.
, Chen
, C.-C.
, and Chen
, M.-Y.
, 2003, “Rotating Effect on Fluid Flow in Two Smooth Ducts Connected by a 180-Degree Bend,”
J. Fluids Eng.
, 125
, pp. 138
–148
.4.
Westra
, R.
, Broersma
, L.
, van Andel
, K.
, and Kruyt
, N.
, 2010, “PIV Measurements and CFD Computations of Secondary Flow in a Centrifugal Pump Impeller,”
J. Fluids Eng.
, 132
, pp. 0611041
–0611048
.5.
Flack
, R.
, and Brun
, K.
, 2005, “Fundamental Analysis of the Secondary Flows and Jet-Wake in a Torque Converter Pump - Part II: Flow in a Curved Stationary Passage and Combined Flows,”
J. Fluids Eng.
, 127
, pp. 75
–82
.6.
Demuren
, A.
, and Rodi
,W.
, 1984, “Calculation of Turbulence-Driven Secondary Motion in Non-Circular Ducts,”
J.Fluid Mech
., 140
, pp. 189
–222
.7.
Mullinger
, P.
, and Jenkins
, B.
, 2008. Industrial and Process Furnaces: Principles, Design and Operation,
1st ed. Butterworth-Heinemann
, Oxford, UK
.8.
Bradshaw
, P.
, 1987, “Turbulent Secondary Flows,”
Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech.
, 19
, pp. 53
–74
.9.
Rung
, T.
, Lübcke
, H.
, Thiele
, F.
, Fu
, S.
, Wang
, C.
, and Guo
, Y.
, 2000, “Turbulence Closure Model Constraint Derived from Stress-Induced Secondary Flow,”
AIAA J.
, 38
(9
), pp. 1756
–1758
.10.
Kook Myong
, H.
, 1991, “Numerical Investigation of Fully Developed Turbulent Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a Square Duct,”
Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow
, 12
(4
), December, pp. 344
–352
.11.
Rapley
, C.
, 1982, “The Simulation of Secondary Flow Effects in Turbulent Non-Circular Passage Flows,”
Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids
, 2
, pp. 331
–347
.12.
Brundrett
, E.
, and Baines
, W.
, 1964, “The Production and Diffusion of Vorticity in Duct Flow,”
J. Fluid Mech.
, 19
, pp. 375
–394
.13.
Nakayama
, A.
, Chow
, W.
, and Sharma
, D.
, 1983, “Calculation of Fully Developed Turbulent Flows in Ducts of Arbitrary Cross-Section,”
J. Fluid Mech
., 128
, pp. 199
–217
.14.
Gessner
, F.
, and Jones
, J.
, 1965, “On Some Aspects of Fully-Developed Turbulent Flow in Rectangular Channels,”
J. Fluid Mech
., 23
(4
), pp. 689
–713
.15.
Melling
, A.
, and Whitelaw
, J.
, 1976, “Turbulent Flow in a Rectangular Duct,”
J. Fluid Mech
., 78
(2
), pp. 289
–315
.16.
Speziale
, C.
, 1982, “On Turbulent Secondary Flows in Pipes of Noncircular Cross-Section,”
Int. J. Eng. Sci.
, 20
(7
), pp. 863
–872
.17.
Fife
, P.
, 1992, “Geometrical Aspects of Secondary Motion in Turbulent Duct Flow,”
Theor. Comput. Fluid Dyn.
, 4
, pp. 51
–70
.18.
Haque
, M.
, Hassan
, A.
, Turner
, J.
, and Barrow
, H.
, 1983, “An Observation on the Origin of Secondary Flow in Straight Noncircular Ducts,”
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
, 17
, pp. 93
–95
.19.
Raiesi
, H.
, Piomelli
, U.
, and Pollard
, A.
, 2011, “Evaluation of Turbulencemodels using Direct Numerical and Large-Eddy Simulation Data,”
J. Fluids Eng.
, 133
, pp. 021203
–021212
.20.
Hurst
, K.
, and Rapley
, C.
, 1991, “Turbulent Flow Measurements in a 30/60 Degree Right Triangular Duct,”
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
, 34
(3
), pp. 739
–748
.21.
Demuren
, A.
, 1991, “Calculation of Turbulence-Driven Secondary Motion in Ducts with Arbitrary Cross Section,”
AIAA J.
, 29
(4
), pp. 531
–537
.22.
Aly
, A.
, Trupp
, A.
, and Gerrard
, A.
, 1978, “Measurements and Prediction of Fully Developed Turbulent Flow in an Equilateral Triangular Duct,”
J. Fluid Mech
., 85
(1
), pp. 57
–83
.23.
Ansys
CFX
, 2009, Ansys CFX-Solver Theory Guide,
Elsevier Academic Press
. Release 12.1.24.
Dean
, R.
, and Bradshaw
, P.
, 1976, “Measurements of Interacting Turbulent Shear Layers in a Duct,”
J. Fluid Mech.
, 78
(4
), pp. 641
–676
.25.
Hyun
, B.
, Balachandar
, R.
, Yu
, K.
, and Patel
, V.
, 2003, “Assessment of PIV to Measure Mean Velocity and Turbulence in Open-Channel Flow,”
Exp. Fluids
, 35
, pp. 262
–267
.26.
Adrian
, R.
, 1997, “Dynamic Ranges of Velocity and Spatial Resolution of Particle Image Velocimetry,”
Meas. Sci. Technol.
, 8
, pp. 1393
–1398
.27.
Lavoie
, P.
, Avallone
, G.
, Gregorio
, F. D.
, Romano
, G.
, and Antonia
, R.
, 2007, “Spatial Resolution of PIV for the Measurement of Turbulence,”
Exp. Fluids
, 43
, pp. 39
–51
.28.
Raffel
, M.
, Willert
, C.
, Wereley
, S.
, and Kompenhans
, J.
, 2007, Particle Image Velocimetry: A Practical Guide,
2nd ed.,
Springer-Verlag
,
Berlin Heidelberg
.
29.
Larsson
, S.
, Lindmark
, E.
, Lundström
, S.
, Marjavaara
, D.
, and Töyrä
, S.
, 2013, “Visualization of Merging Flow by Usage of PIV and CFD with Application to Grate-Kiln Induration Machines,”
J. App. Fluid Mech.
, Accepted for publication.30.
Spedding
, G.
, 2009, “PIV-Based Investigations of Animal Flight,”
Exp. Fluids
, 46
, pp. 749
–763
.31.
Zhang
, Z.
, 2004, “Optical Guidelines and Signal Quality for LDA Applications in Circular Pipes,”
. Experiments in Fluids
, 37
, pp. 29
–39
.32.
Gardavský
, J.
Hrbek
, J.
Chára
, Z.
and Severa
, M.
, 1989, “Refraction Corrections for LDA Measurements in Circular Tubes within Rectangular Optical Boxes,”
Laser Anemom., Dantec Information
, 8
.33.
Coleman
, H.
, and Steele
, W.
, 1999, Experimentation and Uncertainty Analysis for Engineers,
2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons
, New York.
34.
Albrecht
, H.-E.
, Borys
, M.
, Damaschke
, N.
, and Tropea
, C.
, 2003, Laser Doppler and Phase Doppler Measurement Techniques
. Springer Verlag
, Berlin Heidelberg.
35.
Wilcox
, D.
, 1986, “Multiscalemodel for Turbulent Flows,”
In AIAA 24th Aerospace ScienceMeeting
, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
.36.
Menter
, F.
, 1993, “Multiscale Model for Turbulent Flows,”
In 24th Fluid Dynamics Conference
, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
.37.
Hellström
, G.
Marjavaara
, D.
, and Lundström
, S.
, 2007, “Redesign of a Hydraulic Turbine Draft Tube with Aid of High Performance Computing,”
Adv. Eng. Software
, 38
(5
), pp. 338
–344
.38.
Coleman
, H.
, and Stern
, F.
, 1997, “Uncertainties and CFD Code Validation,”
J. Fluids Eng.
, 119
, pp. 795
–803
.39.
Celik
, I.
, Ghia
, U.
, Roache
, P
, and Freitas
, C.
, 2008, “Procedure for Estimation and Reporting of Uncertainty Due to Discretization in CFD,”
J. Fluids Eng.
, 130
, pp. 338
–344
.Copyright © 2011
by American Society of Mechanical Engineers
You do not currently have access to this content.
