Flow visualization and characterization of multiphase flows have been the quest of many fluid mechanicians. The process is fairly straight forward only when there is good optical access (i.e., the vessel is not opaque or there are appropriate viewing ports) and the flow is transparent, implying a very low volume fraction of the dispersed phase; however, when optical access is not good or the fluid is opaque, alternative methods must be developed. Several different noninvasive visualization tools have been developed to provide high-quality qualitative and quantitative data of various multiphase flow characteristics, and overviews of these methods have appeared in the literature. X-ray imaging is one family of noninvasive measurement techniques used extensively for product testing and evaluation of static objects with complex structures. X-rays can also be used to visualize and characterize multiphase flows. This paper provides a review of the current status of X-ray flow visualization and details various X-ray flow visualization methods that can provide qualitative and quantitative information about the characteristics of complex multiphase flows.
Issue Section:
Technology Reviews
References
1.
Dudukovic
, M. P.
, 2007, “Relevance Of Multiphase Reaction Engineering To Modern Technological Challenges
,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
, 46
(25
), pp. 8674
–8686.
2.
Dudukovic
, M. P.
, Larachi
, F.
, and Mills
, P. L.
, 1999, “Multiphase Reactors - Revisited
,” Chem. Eng. Sci.
, 54
, pp. 1975
–1995.
3.
Reese
, J.
, Silva
, E. M.
, Tang
, S.-T.
, and Fan
, L.-S.
, 1999, “Industrial Applications of Three-Phase Fluidization Systems,”
Fluidization Solids Handling and Processing - Industrial Applications
, W.-C.
Yang
, ed. Noyes Publications
, Westwood, NJ
, pp. 582
–682
.4.
Sundaresan
, S.
, 2000, “Modeling the Hydrodynamics of Multiphase Flow Reactors: Current Status and Challenges
,” AIChE J.
, 46
(6
), pp. 1102
–1105.
5.
Syamlal
, M.
, ed., 2006, Report on Workshop on Multiphase Flow Research
, Morgantown, WV, June 6-7, 2006. Report No. DOE/NETL-2007/1259.6.
Joshi
, J. B.
and Ranade
, V. V.
, 2003, “Computational Fluid Dynamics for Designing Process Equipment: Expectations, Current Status, and Path Forward
,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
, 42
, pp. 1115
–1128.
7.
Mudde
, R. F.
, 2005, “Gravity-Driven Bubbly Flows
,” Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech.
, 37
, pp. 393
–423.
8.
Grohse
, E. W.
, 1955, “Analysis of Gas-Fluidized Solid Systems by X-Ray Absorption
,” AIChE J.
, 1
(3
), pp. 358
–365.
9.
Romero
, J. B.
and Smith
, D. W.
, 1965, “Flash X-Ray Analysis of Fluidized Beds
,” AIChE J.
, 11
(4
), pp. 595
–600.
10.
Rowe
, P. N.
and Partridge
, B. A.
, 1965, “An X-Ray Study of Bubbles in Fluidised Beds
,” Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng.
, 43
, pp. T157
–T175.
11.
Bennett
, A. W.
, Hewitt
, G. F.
, Kearsey
, H. A.
, Keeys
, R. K. F.
, and Lacey
, P. M. C.
, 1965, “Flow Visualization Studies of Boiling at High Pressure,”
Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng.
, 180
, pp. 1
–11
.12.
Hewitt
, G. F.
and Roberts
, D. N.
, 1969, “Studies of Two-Phase Flow Patterns by Simultaneous X-Ray and Flash Photography,”
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA), Harwell, Berkshire, Technical Report No.13.
Dudukovic
, M. P.
, 2000, “Opaque Multiphase Reactors: Experimentation, Modeling and Troubleshooting
,” Oil Gas Sci. Technol.
, 55
(2
), pp. 135
–158.
14.
Yates
, J. G.
and Simons
, J. R.
, 1994, “Experimental Methods in Fluidization Research
,” Int. J. Multiphase Flow
, 20
, pp. 297
–330.
15.
Williams
, R. A.
and Beck
, M. S.
, eds., 1995, Process Tomography: Principles, Techniques and Applications
, Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd.
, Oxford
.16.
Beck
, M. S.
and Williams
, R. A.
, 1996, “Process Tomography: A European Innovation and Its Applications
,” Meas. Sci. Technol.
, 7
, pp. 215
–224.
17.
Chaouki
, J.
, Larachi
, F.
, and Dudukovic
, M. P.
, eds., Non-Invasive Monitoring of Multiphase Flows
, Elsevier
, New York
.18.
Chaouki
, J.
, Larachi
, F.
, and Dudukovic
, M. P.
, 1997, “Noninvasive Tomography and Velocimetric Monitoring of Multiphase Flows
,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
, 36
, pp. 4476
–4503.
19.
Boyer
, C.
, Duquenne
, A. M.
, and Wild
, G.
, 2002, “Measuring Techniques in Gas-Liquid and Gas-Liquid-Solid Reactors
,” Chem. Eng. Sci.
, 57
, pp. 3185
–3215.
20.
Yates
, J. G.
, Cheesman
, D. J.
, Lettieri
, P.
, and Newton
, D.
, 2002, “X-Ray Analysis of Fluidized Beds and Other Multiphase Systems
,” Kona
, 20
, pp. 133
–143.
21.
Van Ommen
, J. R.
and Mudde
, R. F.
, 2008, “Measuring the Gas-Solids Distribution in Fluidized Beds – A Review
,” International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering
, 6
, pp. R3
.22.
Kak
, A. C.
and Slaney
, M.
, 1998, Principles of Computerized Tomographic Imaging
, Society of Industrial and Applied Mathematics
, New York
.23.
Marashdeh
, Q.
, Fan
, L. S.
, Du
, B.
, and Warsito
, W.
, 2008, “Electrical Capacitance Tomography – A Perspective
,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
, 47
(10
), pp. 3708
–3719.
24.
Toye
, D.
, Marchot
, P.
, Crine
, M.
, and L’Homme
, G.
, 1996, “Modelling of Multiphase Flow in Packed Beds by Computer-Assisted X-Ray Tomography
,” Meas. Sci. Technol.
, 7
(3
), pp. 436
–443.
25.
Ceccio
, S. L.
and George
, D. L.
, 1996, “A Review of Electrical Impedance Techniques for the Measurement of Multiphase Flows
,” J. Fluids Eng.
, 118
, pp. 391
–399.
26.
George
, D. L.
, Torczynski
, J. R.
, Shollenberger
, K. A.
, O’Hern
, T. J.
, and Ceccio
, S. L.
, 2000, “Validation of Electrical-Impedance Tomography for Measurements of Material Distribution in Two-Phase Flows
,” Int. J. Multiphase Flow
, 26
, pp. 549
–581.
27.
Tortora
, P. R.
, Ceccio
, S. L.
, O’Hern
, T. J.
Trujillo
, S. M.
and Torczynski
, J. R.
, 2006, “Quantitative Measurement of Solids Distribution in Gas-Solid Riser Flows Using Electrical Impedance Tomography and Gamma Densitometry Tomography
,” Int. J. Multiphase Flow
, 32
(8
), pp. 972
–995
.28.
Fransolet
, E.
, Crine
, M.
, Marchot
, P.
, and Toye
, D.
, 2005, “Analysis of Gas Holdup in Bubble Columns with Non-Newtonian Fluid Using Electrical Resistance Tomography and Dynamic Gas Disengagement Technique
,” Chem. Eng. Sci.
, 60
, pp. 6118
–6123.
29.
Toye
, D.
, Fransolet
, E.
, Simon
, D.
, Crine
, M.
, L’Homme
, G.
, and Marchot
, P.
, 2005, “Possibilities and Limits of Application of Electrical Resistance Tomography in Hydrodynamics of Bubble Columns
,” The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering
, 83
, pp. 4
–10.
30.
Makkawi
, Y. T.
and Wright
, P. C.
, 2002, “Fluidization Regimes in a Conventional Fluidized Bed Characterized by Means of Electrical Capacitance Tomography
,” Chem. Eng. Sci.
, 57
, pp. 2411
–2437.
31.
Pugsley
, T.
, Tanfara
, H.
, Malcus
, S.
, Cui
, H.
, Chaouki
, J.
and Winters
, C.
, 2003, “Verification of Fluidized Bed Electrical Capacitance Tomography Measurements with a Fiber Optic Probe
,” Chem. Eng. Sci.
, 58
, pp. 3923
–3934.
32.
Warsito
, W.
and Fan
, L.-S.
, 2003, “3D-ECT Velocimetry for Flow Structure Quantification of Gas-Liquid-Solid Fluidized Beds,”
The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering
, 81
(3-4
), pp. 875
–884
.33.
Warsito
, W.
and Fan
, L.-S.
, 2003, “ECT Imaging of Three-Phase Fluidized Bed Based on Three-Phase Capacitance Model
,” Chem. Eng. Sci.
, 58
, pp. 823
–832.
34.
Makkawi
, Y. T.
and Wright
, P. C.
, 2004, “Electrical Capacitance Tomography for Conventional Fluidized Bed Measurements – Remarks on the Measuring Technique
,” Powder Technol.
, 148
(2
), pp. 142
–157.
35.
Gamio
, J. C.
, Castro
, J.
, Rivera
, L.
, Alamilla
, J.
, Garcia-Nocetti
, F.
, and Aguilar
, L.
, 2005, “Visualization of Gas-Oil Two-Phase Flows in Pressurized Pipes Using Electrical Capacitance Tomography
,” Flow Meas. Instrum.
, 16
(2
), pp. 129
–134.
36.
Ismail
, I.
, Gamio
, J. C.
, Bukhari
, S. F. A.
, and Yang
, W. Q.
, 2005, “Tomography for Multi-Phase Flow Measurement in the Oil Industry
,” Flow Meas. Instrum.
, 16
(2-3
), pp. 145
–155.
37.
Warsito
, W.
and Fan
, L.-S.
, 2005, “Dynamics of Spiral Bubble Plume Motion in the Entrance Region of Bubble Columns and Three Phase Fluidized Beds Using 3D ECT
,” Chem. Eng. Sci.
, 60
, pp. 6073
–6084.
38.
Du
, B.
, Warsito
, W.
, and Fan
, L. S.
, 2006, “Imaging the Choking Transition in Gas-Solid Risers Using Electrical Capacitance Tomography
,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
, 45
(15
), pp. 5384
–5395.
39.
Utomo
, M. B.
, Warsito
, W.
, Sakai
, T.
, and Uchida
, S.
, 2001, “Analysis of Distributions of Gas and TiO2 Particles in Slurry Bubble Column Using Ultrasonic Computed Tomography
,” Chem. Eng. Sci.
, 56
, pp. 6073
–6079.
40.
Vatanakul
, M.
, Zheng
, Y.
, and Couturier
, M.
, 2004, “Application of Ultrasonic Technique in Multiphase Flows
,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
, 43
, pp. 5681
–5691.
41.
Zheng
, Y.
and Zhang
, Q.
, 2004, “Simultaneous Measurements of Gas and Solid Holdups in Multiphase Systems Using Ultrasonic Technique
,” Chem. Eng. Sci.
, 59
, pp. 3505
–3514.
42.
Kumar
, S. B.
, Moslemian
, D.
, and Dudukovic
, M. P.
, 1995, “A γ-Ray Tomographic Scanner for Imaging Voidage Distribution in Two-Phase Flow Systems
,” Flow Meas. Instrum.
, 6
(1
), pp. 61
–73.
43.
Kumar
, S. B.
and Dudukovic
, M. P.
, 1996, “Computer Assisted Gamma and X-Ray Tomography: Applications to Multiphase Flow Systems,”
Non-Invasive Monitoring of Multiphase Flows
, J.
Chaouki
, F.
Larachi
and M. P.
Dudukovic
, ed., Elsevier
, New York
, pp. 47
–103
.44.
George
, D. L.
, Torczynski
, J. R.
, O’Hern
, T. J.
, Shollenberger
, K. A.
, Tortora
, P. R.
, and Ceccio
, S. L.
, 2001, “Quantitative Electrical-Impedance Tomography in an Electrically Conducting Bubble-Column Vessel,”
ASME 2001 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, May 29-June 1, 2001.45.
Yin
, F.
, Afacan
, A.
, Nandakumar
, K.
, and Chuang
, K. T.
, 2002, “Liquid Holdup Distribution in Packed Columns: Gamma Ray Tomography and CFD Simulation
,” Chem. Eng. Process.
, 41
, pp. 473
–483.
46.
Jin
, H.
, Yang
, S.
, He
, G.
, Guo
, Z.
, and Tong
, Z.
, 2005, “An Experimental Study of Holdups in Large-Scale P-Xylene Oxidation Reactors Using the γ-Ray Attenuation Approach
,” Chem. Eng. Sci.
, 60
, pp. 5955
–5961.
47.
Mudde
, R. F.
, Bruneau
, P. R. P.
, and Van Der Hagen
, T. H. J. J.
, 2005, “Time-Resolved γ-Densitometry Imaging within Fluidized Beds
,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
44
, pp. 6181
–6187.
48.
Rados
, N.
, Shaikh
, A.
, and Al-Dahhan
, M.
, 2005, “Phase Distribution in a High Pressure Slurry Bubble Column Via a Single Source Computed Tomography
,” The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering
, 83
, pp. 104
–112.
49.
Shaikh
, A.
and Al-Dahhan
, M.
, 2005, “Characterization of the Hydrodynamic Flow Regime in Bubble Columns Via Computed Tomography
,” Flow Meas. Instrum.
, 16
(2
), pp. 91
–98.
50.
Kantzas
, A.
, 1994, “Computation of Holdups in Fluidized and Trickle Beds by Computer-Assisted Tomography
,” AIChE J.
, 40
(7
), pp. 1254
–1261.
51.
Marchot
, P.
, Toye
, D.
, Pelsser
, A.-M.
, Crine
, M.
, L’Homme
, G. L.
, and Olujic
, Z.
, 2001, “Liquid Distribution Images on Structured Packing by X-Ray Computed Tomography
,” AIChE J.
, 47
(6
), pp. 1471
–1476.
52.
Schmit
, C. E.
and Eldridge
, R. B.
, 2004, “Investigation of X-Ray Imaging of Vapor-Liquid Contactors: 1 – Studies Involving Stationary Objects and a Simple Flow System
,” Chem. Eng. Sci.
, 59
, pp. 1255
–1266.
53.
Schmit
, C. E.
, Perkins
, J.
, and Eldridge
, R. B.
, 2004, “Investigation of X-Ray Imaging of Vapor-Liquid Contactors: 2 – Experiments and Simulations of Flows in an Air-Water Contactor
,” Chem. Eng. Sci.
, 59
, pp. 1267
–1283.
54.
Prasser
, H. M.
, Misawa
, M.
, and Tiseanu
, I.
, 2005, “Comparison between Wire-Mesh Sensor and Ultra-Fast X-Ray Tomograph for an Air-Water Flow in a Vertical Pipe
,” Flow Meas. Instrum.
, 16
(2
), pp. 73
–83.
55.
Hubers
, J. L.
, Striegel
, A. C.
, Heindel
, T. J.
, Gray
, J. N.
, and Jensen
, T. C.
, 2005, “X-Ray Computed Tomography in Large Bubble Columns
,” Chem. Eng. Sci.
, 60
(22
), pp. 6124
–6133.
56.
Franka
, N. P.
and Heindel
, T. J.
, 2009, “Local Time-Averaged Gas Holdup in a Fluidized Bed with Side Air Injection Using X-Ray Computed Tomography
,” Powder Technol.
, 193
, pp. 69
–78.
57.
Mudde
, R. F.
, 2010, “Time-Resolved X-Ray Tomography of a Fluidized Bed
,” Powder Technol.
, 199
(1
), pp. 55
–59.
58.
Mudde
, R. F.
, 2010, “Double X-Ray Tomography of a Bubbling Fluidized Bed
,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
, 49
(11
), pp. 5061
–5065.
59.
Dechsiri
, C.
, Ghione
, A.
, Van De Weil
, F.
, Dehling
, H. G.
, Paans
, A. M. J.
, and Hoffmann
, A. C.
, 2005, “Positron Emission Tomography Applied to Fluidization Engineering,”
The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering
, 83
, pp. 88
–96
.60.
Harvel
, G. D.
, Hori
, K.
, Kawanishi
, K.
, and Chang
, J. S.
, 1999, “Cross-Sectional Void Fraction Distribution Measurements in a Vertical Annulus Two-Phase Flow by High Speed X-Ray Computed Tomography and Real-Time Neutron Radiography Techniques
,” Flow Meas. Instrum.
, 10
(4
), pp. 259
–266.
61.
Prasser
, H. M.
, 2008, “Novel Experimental Measuring Techniques Required to Provide Data for CFD Validation
,” Nucl. Eng. Des.
, 238
(3
), pp. 744
–770.
62.
Rees
, A. C.
, Davidson
, J. F.
, Dennis
, J. S.
, Fennell
, P. S.
, Gladden
, L. F.
, Hayhurst
, A. N.
, Mantle
, M. D.
, Muller
, C. R.
, and Sederman
, A. J.
, 2006, “The Nature of the Flow Just above the Perforated Plate Distributor of a Gas-Fluidised Bed, as Imaged Using Magnetic Resonance
,” Chem. Eng. Sci.
, 61
(18
), pp. 6002
–6015.
63.
Muller
, C. R.
, Holland
, D. J.
, Sederman
, A. J.
, Mantle
, M. D.
, Gladden
, L. F.
, and Davidson
, J. F.
, 2008, “Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Fluidized Beds
,” Powder Technol.
, 183
(1
), pp. 53
–62.
64.
Powell
, R. L.
, 2008, “Experimental Techniques for Multiphase Flows
,” Phys. Fluids
, 20
(4
), pp. 040605
–040622.
65.
Devanathan
, N.
, Moslemian
, D.
, and Dudukovic
, M. P.
, 1990, “Flow Mapping in Bubble Columns Using CARPT
,” Chem. Eng. Sci.
, 45
(8
), pp. 2285
–2291.
66.
Sun
, J. G.
and Chen
, M. M.
, 1999, “Radioactive Tracer Techniques,”
Instrumentation for Fluid-Particle Flow
, S. L.
Soo
, ed., Noyes Publications
, Park Ridge, NJ
, pp. 354
–401
.67.
Rados
, N.
, Shaikh
, A.
, and Al-Dahhan
, M. H.
, 2005, “Solids Flow Mapping in a High Pressure Slurry Bubble Column,”
Chem. Eng. Sci.
, 60
, pp. 6067
–6072
.68.
Chen
, P.
, Gupta
, P.
, Dudukovic
, M. P.
, and Toseland
, B. A.
, 2006, “Hydrodynamics of Slurry Bubble Column During Dimethyl Ether (DME) Synthesis: Gas-Liquid Recirculation Model and Radioactive Tracer Studies
,” Chem. Eng. Sci.
, 61
(19
), pp. 6553
–6570.
69.
Fraguio
, M. S.
, Cassanello
, M. C.
, Larachi
, F.
, and Chaouki
, J.
, 2006, “Flow Regime Transition Pointers in Three-Phase Fluidized Beds Inferred from a Solid Tracer Trajectory
,” Chem. Eng. Process.
, 45
(5
), pp. 350
–358.
70.
Seeger
, A.
, Affeld
, K.
, Goubergrits
, L.
, Kertzscher
, U.
, and Wellnhofer
, E.
, 2001, “X-Ray-Based Assessment of the Three-Dimensional Velocity of the Liquid Phase in a Bubble Column
,” Exp. Fluids
, 31
, pp. 193
–201.
71.
Seeger
, A.
, Kertzscher
, U.
, Affeld
, K.
, and Wellnhofer
, E.
, 2003, “Measurement of the Local Velocity of the Solid Phase and the Local Solid Hold-up in a Three-Phase Flow by X-Ray Based Particle Tracking Velocimetry (XPTV)
,” Chem. Eng. Sci.
, 58
, pp. 1721
–1729.
72.
Lee
, S.-J.
and Kim
, G.-B.
, 2003, “X-Ray Particle Image Velocimetry for Measuring Quantitative Flow Information inside Opaque Objects
,” J. Appl. Physics
, 94
(5
), pp. 3620
–3623.
73.
Drake
, J. B.
, Tang
, L.
, and Heindel
, T. J.
, 2009, “X-Ray Particle Tracking Velocimetry in Fluidized Beds,” Proceedings of the 2009 ASME Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting, Vail, CO, August 2–9, Paper No. FEDSM2009-78150.74.
Furui
, S.
, Umekawa
, H.
, Tsuzuki
, M.
, Okura
, M.
, Ozawa
, M.
, and Takenaka
, N.
, 2005, “Visualization of Fluidized-Bed Heat Exchanger in Upward/Downword Flow Condition by Neutron Radiography
,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A
, 542
, pp. 161
–167.
75.
Heindel
, T. J.
, 2002, “Bubble Size in a Cocurrent Fiber Slurry
,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
, 41
(3
), pp. 632
–641.
76.
Sun
, W. L.
, Littleton
, H. E.
, and Bates
, C. E.
, 2002, “Real-Time X-Ray Investigations on Lost Foam Mold Filling
,” AFS Transactions
, 110
, pp. 1347
–1356.
77.
Basavaraj
, M. G.
, Gupta
, G. S.
, Naveen
, K.
, Rudolph
, V.
, and Bali
, R.
, 2005, “Local Liquid Holdups and Hysteresis in a 2-D Packed Bed Using X-Ray Radiography
,” AIChE J.
, 51
(8
), pp. 2178
–2189.
78.
Hulme
, I.
and Kantzas
, A.
, 2004, “Determination of Bubble Diameter and Axial Velocity for a Polyethylene Fluidized Bed Using X-Ray Fluoroscopy
,” Powder Technol.
, 147
, pp. 20
–33.
79.
Grassler
, T.
and Wirth
, K.-E.
, 2000, “X-Ray Computer Tomography - Potential and Limitation for the Measurement of Local Solids Distribution in Circulating Fluidized Beds
,” Chem. Eng. J.
, 77
, pp. 65
–72.
80.
Du
, B.
, Warsito
, W.
, and Fan
, L.-S.
, 2005, “ECT Studies of Gas-Solid Fluidized Beds of Different Diameters
,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
, 44
, pp. 5020
–5030.
81.
Mudde
, R. F.
, 2011, “Bubbles in a Fluidized Bed: A Fast X-Ray Scanner,”
AIChE J., in press. 82.
Selman
, J.
, 1994, The Fundamentals of X-Ray and Radium Physics
, Charles C. Thompson, Publisher
, Springfield, IL
.83.
Cartz
, L.
, 1995, Nondestructive Testing
, ASM International
, Materials Park, OH
.84.
Ketcham
, R. A.
and Carlson
, W. D.
, 2001, “Acquisition, Optimization and Interpretation of X-Ray Computed Tomography Imagery: Applications to the Geosciences
,” Comput. Geosci.
, 27
, pp. 381
–400.
85.
Hsieh
, J.
, 2003, Computed Tomography: Principles, Design, Artifacts, and Recent Advances
, SPIE
, Bellingham, WA
.86.
Pedrotti
, F. L.
, Pedrotti
, L. S.
, and Pedrotti
, L. M.
, 2007, Introduction to Optics
, Pearson Prentice Hall
, Upper Saddle River, NJ
.87.
Mennell
, J.
, Byrne
, B.
, and Yan
, Y.
, 2000, “Appraisal of Radiometric Techniques to Determine Absolute Solids Fraction in Pneumatic Suspensions of Particulate Solids
,” Flow Meas. Instrum.
, 11
(3
), pp. 213
–221.
88.
Chotas
, H. G.
, Dobbins
, J. T.
, and Ravin
, C. E.
, 1999, “Principles of Digital Radiography with Large-Area, Electronically Readable Detectors: A Review of the Basics
,” Radiology
, 210
(3
), pp. 595
–599.
89.
Heindel
, T. J.
, Gray
, J. N.
, and Jensen
, T. C.
, 2008, “An X-Ray System for Visualizing Fluid Flows
,” Flow Meas. Instrum.
, 19
(2
), pp. 67
–78.
90.
Heindel
, T. J.
, Hubers
, J. L.
, Jensen
, T. C.
, Gray
, J. N.
, and Striegel
, A. C.
, 2005, “Using X-Rays for Multiphase Flow Visualization,” Proceedings of the 2005 ASME Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting and Exhibition, Houston, TX, June 19–23, Paper No. FEDS2005-77359.91.
Heindel
, T. J.
, Jensen
, T. C.
, and Gray
, J. N.
, 2007, “Visualizing Fluid Flows with X-Rays,” Proceedings of FEDSM2007: 5th Joint ASME/JSME Fluids Engineering Conference, San Diego, CA, July 30 – August 2, Paper No. FEDSM2007-37023.92.
Gupta
, G. S.
, Litster
, J. D.
, Rudolph
, V.
, and White
, E. T.
, 1997, “Flow Visualization Study in Porous Media Using X-Rays
,” Steel Res.
, 68
(10
), pp. 434
–440.
93.
Rowe
, P. N.
and Yacono
, C. X. R.
, 1976, “The Bubbling Behaviour of Fine Powders When Fluidised
,” Chem. Eng. Sci.
, 31
(12
), pp. 1179
–1192.
94.
Rowe
, P. N.
, Santoro
, L.
, and Yates
, J. G.
, 1978, “The Division of Gas between Bubble and Interstitial Phases in Fluidised Beds of Fine Powders
,” Chem. Eng. Sci.
, 33
(1
), pp. 133
–140.
95.
Yates
, J. G.
, Cheesman
, D. J.
, and Sergeev
, Y. A.
, 1994, “Experimental Observations of Voidage Distribution around Bubbles in a Fluidized Bed
,” Chem, Eng, Sci
, 49
(12
), pp. 1885
–1895.
96.
He
, Z.
, Wu
, B.
, Chandrasekaran
, B.
, Bellehumeur
, C.
, and Kantzas
, A.
, 2007, “X-Ray Fluoroscopy Measurements and CFD Simulation of Hydrodynamics in a Two Dimensional Gas-Solids Fluidized Bed,”
2007 ECI Conference on the 12th International Conference on Fluidization - New Horizons in Fluidization Engineering, Vancouver, Canada, pp. 481
–488
.97.
Jenneson
, P. M.
and Gundogdu
, O.
, 2006, “In Situ X-Ray Imaging of Nanoparticle Agglomeration in Fluidized Beds
,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
, 88
, p. 034103
.98.
Roels
, S.
and Carmeliet
, J.
, 2006, “Analysis of Moisture Flow in Porous Materials Using Microfocus X-Ray Radiography
,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
, 49
(25
), pp. 4762
–4772.
99.
Van Der Merwe
, W.
, Nicol
, W.
, and De Beer
, F.
, 2007, “Trickle Flow Distribution and Stability by X-Ray Radiography
,” Chem. Eng. J.
, 132
(1
), pp. 47
–59.
100.
Caulk
, D. A.
, 2006, “A Foam Engulfment Model for Lost Foam Casting of Aluminum
,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
, 49
(21
), pp. 3831
–3845.
101.
Uchida
, K.
and Okamoto
, K.
, 2006, “Measurement of Powder Flow in a Screw Feeder by X-Ray Penetration Image Analysis
,” Meas. Sci. Technol.
, 17
(2
), pp. 419
–426.
102.
Uchida
, K.
and Okamoto
, K.
, 2008, “Measurement Technique on the Diffusion Coefficient of Powder Flow in a Screw Feeder by X-Ray Visualization
,” Powder Technol.
, 187
(2
), pp. 138
–145.
103.
Jamet
, F.
and Thomer
, G.
, 1976, Flash Radiography
, Elsevier
, New York
.104.
Grady
, D. E.
and Kipp
, M. E.
, 1994, “Experimental and Computational Simulation of the High Velocity Impact of Copper Spheres on Steel Plates
,” Int. J. Impact Eng.
, 15
(5
), pp. 645
–660.
105.
Primex Physics International, 1996, Flash X-Ray Seminar Notes, San Leandro, CA.
106.
Charbonnier
, F.
, 1985, “Flash Radiography,”
Nondestructive Testing Handbook. Vol. 3 - Radiography and Radiation Testing
, L. E.
Bryant
and P.
McIntire
, eds., American Society for Metals: Metals Park
, OH
, pp. 491
–531
.107.
Triantafillopoulos
, N. G.
and Farrington
, T. E.
, Jr., 1988, “Flash X-Ray Radiography Techniques for Visualizing Coating Flows,” 1988 TAPPI Coating Conference, New Orleans, LA, May 8–12, pp. 47
–52
.108.
Smith
, G. B.
, Gamblin
, B. R.
, and Newton
, D.
, 1995, “X-Ray Imaging of Slurry Bubble Column Reactors: The Effect of System Pressure and Scale,”
Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng., Part A
73
(A6
), pp. 632
–636
.109.
Farrington
, T. E.
, Jr., 1986, “A More Fundamental Approach to the Problem of High Consistency Forming,” 1986 TAPPI Engineering Conference, Atlanta, GA, September 22–25, pp. 709
–717
.110.
Farrington
, T. E.
, Jr., 1988, “Soft X-Ray Imaging Can Be Used to Assess Sheet Formation and Quality
,” Tappi J.
, 71
(5
), pp. 140
–144.
111.
Farrington
, T. E.
, Jr., 1988, “Flash X-Ray Imaging of Kraft Black Liquor Sprays
,” Tappi J.
, 71
(2
), pp. 89
–92.
112.
Zavaglia
, J. C.
and Lindsay
, J. D.
, 1989, “Flash X-Ray Visualization of Multiphase Flow During Impulse Drying
,” Tappi J.
, 72
(9
), pp. 79
–85.
113.
Garner
, A. E.
and Heindel
, T. J.
, 2000, “The Effect of Fiber Type on Bubble Size
,” J. Pulp Pap. Sci.
, 26
(7
), pp. 266
–269.
114.
Heindel
, T. J.
and Monefeldt
, J. L.
, 1997, “Flash X-Ray Radiography for Visualizing Gas Flows in Opaque Liquid/Fiber Suspensions,” 6th International Symposium on Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flows, Vancouver, BC, June 22–26.115.
Heindel
, T. J.
and Monefeldt
, J. L.
, 1998, “Observations of the Bubble Dynamics in a Pulp Suspension Using Flash X-Ray Radiography
,” Tappi J.
, 81
(11
), pp. 149
–158.
116.
Heindel
, T. J.
, 1999, “Bubble Size Measurements in a Quiescent Fiber Suspension
,” J. Pulp Pap. Sci.
, 25
(3
), pp. 104
–110.
117.
Heindel
, T. J.
and Garner
, A. E.
, 1999, “The Effect of Fiber Consistency on Bubble Size
,” Nord. Pulp Pap. Res. J.
, 14
(2
), pp. 171
–178.
118.
Heindel
, T. J.
, 2000, “Gas Flow Regime Changes in a Bubble Column Filled with a Fiber Suspension,”
The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering
, 78
(5
), pp. 1017
–1022
.119.
Heindel
, T. J.
and Omberg
, S. J.
, 2001, “Gas Bubble Size in a Synthetic Fiber Slurry,”
in 4th International Conference on Multiphase Flow
, E. E.
Michaelides
, ed., ICMF-2001, New Orleans, LA
.120.
Grantham
, S. G.
and Forsberg
, F.
, 2004, “Measurement of Granular Flow in a Silo Using Digital Speckle Radiography
,” Powder Technol.
, 146
(1
), pp. 56
–65.
121.
Kastengren
, A. L.
, Powell
, C. F.
, Riedel
, T.
, Cheong
, S.-K.
, Im
, K.-S.
, Liu
, X.
, Wanng
, Y. J.
, and Wang
, J.
, 2008, “Nozzle Geometry and Injection Duration Effects on Diesel Sprays Measured by X-Ray Radiography
,” J. Fluids Eng.
, 130
, pp. 041301
-1–041301-12
.122.
Coutier-Delgosha
, O.
, Vabre
, A.
, Hocevar
, M.
, Delion
, R.
, Dazin
, A.
, Lazaro
, D.
, Gmar
, M.
, Fezzaa
, K.
, and Lee
, W.-K.
, 2009, “Local Measurements in Cavitating Flow by Ultra Fast X-Ray Imaging,” Proceedings of the 2009 ASME Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting, Vail, CO, August 2–6, Paper No. FEDS2009-78407.123.
Kim
, J.
, Je
, J.
, Kaviany
, M.
, Son
, S. Y.
, and Kim
, M. H.
, 2010, “Visualization of Water Distribution in Gas Diffusion Layer of Fuel Cell Using 2-D and 3-D X-Ray Radiography,” Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Multiphase Flow, Tampa, FL, May 30 – June 4.124.
Doering
, E. R.
, 1992, “Three-Dimensional Flaw Reconstruction Using a Real-Time X-Ray Imaging System,”
Ph.D. thesis, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.125.
Jensen
, T. C.
and Gray
, J. N.
, 2006, “Model-Assisted Reconstruction of Volumetric Data,”
U.S. Patent No. 7,092,484,126.
Lee
, D. J.
and Cha
, S. S.
, 2003, “Three-Dimensional Measurement of Fluid Flow in Stereoscopic Tracking Velocimetry,” Proceedings of SPIE, Anaheim, CA, pp. 73
–85
.127.
Lee
, D. J.
, Cha
, S. S.
, and Ramachandran
, N.
, 2004, “Three-Dimensional High-Resolution Optical/X-Ray Stereoscopic Tracking Velocimetry,” 2004 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Anaheim, CA, Paper No. IMECE2004-62450.128.
Lee
, D. J.
, Cha
, S. S.
, and Ramachandran
, N.
, 2006, “Application of Stereoscopic Tracking Velocimetry for Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Directional Solidification
,” Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci.
, 30
(3
), pp. 203
.129.
Seeger
, A.
, Affeld
, K.
, Kertzscher
, U.
, Goubergrits
, L.
, and Wellnhofer
, E.
, 2001, “Assessment of Flow Structures in Bubble Columns by X-Ray Based Particle Tracking Velocimetry,” 4th International Symposium on Particle Image Velocimetry, Gottingen, Germany.130.
Schober
, L.
and Kantzas
, A.
, 2004, “Analysis and Interpretation of Multiple Radioactive Particle Tracking Data on Laboratory Scale Air/Polyethylene Fluidized Beds,”
The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering
, 82
, pp. 220
–226
.131.
Kertzscher
, U.
, Seeger
, A.
, Affeld
, K.
, Goubergrits
, L.
, and Wellnhofer
, E.
, 2004, “X-Ray Based Particle Tracking Velocimetry – A Measurement Technique for Multi-Phase Flows and Flows without Optical Access
,” Flow Meas. Instrum.
, 15
(4
), pp. 199
–206.
132.
Owens
, S. A.
, Kossmann
, A.
, Farone
, J.
, Eldridge
, R. B.
, and Ketcham
, R. A.
, 2009, “Flow Field Visualization in Structured Packing Using Real Time X-Ray Radiography
,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
, 48
(7
), pp. 3606
–3618.
133.
Shimada
, T.
, Habu
, H.
, Seike
, Y.
, Ooya
, S.
, Miyachi
, H.
, and Ishikawa
, M.
, 2007, “X-Ray Visualization Measurement of Slurry Flow in Solid Propellant Casting
,” Flow Meas. Instrum.
, 18
(5
), pp. 235
–240.
134.
Kim
, G.-B.
and Lee
, S.-J.
, 2004, “Velocity Field Measurements of Blood Flows Using a Synchrotron X-Ray Imaging Technique,” 2004 Proceedings of SPIE International Symposium on Biomedical Optics, San Jose, CA, January 24–29.135.
Im
, K.-S.
, Fezzaa
, K.
, Wang
, Y. J.
, Liu
, X.
, Wang
, J.
, and Lai
, M. C.
, 2007, “Particle Tracking Velocimetry Using Fast X-Ray Phase-Contrast Imaging
,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
, 90
(9
), pp. 091919
–1.
136.
Kakimoto
, K.
, Eguchi
, M.
, Watanabe
, H.
, and Hibiya
, T.
, 1988, “Direct Observation by X-Ray Radiography of Convection of Molten Silicon in the Czochralski Growth Method
,” J. Cryst. Growth
, 88
(3
), pp. 365
–370.
137.
Munakata
, T.
and Tanasawa
, I.
, 1999, “Study on Silicon Melt Convection During the Rf-Fz Crystal Growth Process: I. Experimental Flow Visualization
,” J. Cryst. Growth
, 206
(1-2
), pp. 23
–26.
138.
Drake
, J. B.
, Franka
, N. P.
, and Heindel
, T. J.
, 2008, “X-Ray Particle Tracking Velocimetry for Applications in Fluidized Beds,” Proceedings of the 2008 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Boston, MA, October 31 – November 6, Paper No. IMECE2008-66224.139.
Drake
, J. B.
, Kenney
, A. L.
, and Heindel
, T. J.
, 2011, “Developing Tracer Particles for X-Ray Particle Tracking Velocimetry,” Proceedings of the 2011 ASME-JSME-KSME Joint Fluids Engineering Conference, AJK2011, Hamamatsu, Japan, July 24–29, Paper No. AJK2011-11009.140.
Morgan
, T. B.
and Heindel
, T. J.
, 2007, “Observations of Dense Particle Motion in a Vibration-Excited Granular Bed,” Proceedings of IMECE2007: 2007 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Seattle, WA, November 11–15, Paper No. IMECE2007-42306.141.
Morgan
, T. B.
and Heindel
, T. J.
, 2010, “X-Ray Particle Tracking of Dense Particle Motion in a Vibration-Excited Granular Bed,” Proceedings of the 2010 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, November 12–18, Paper No. IMECE2010-39106.142.
Wellington
, S. L.
and Vinegar
, H. J.
, 1987, “X-Ray Computerized Tomography
,” J. Pet. Technol.
, 39
(8
), pp. 885
–898.
143.
Barrett
, H. H.
and Swindell
, W.
, 1981, Radiological Imaging: The Theory of Image Formation, Detection, and Processing
, Academic
, New York
.144.
Ikeda
, T.
, Kotani
, K.
, Maeda
, Y.
, and Kohno
, H.
, 1983, “Preliminary Study of Application of X-Ray CT Scanner to Measurement of Void Fractions in Steady State Two-Phase Flows
,” J. Nucl. Science Technol.
, 20
(1
), pp. 1
–12.
145.
Behling
, M.
and Mewes
, D.
, 2006, “Dual-Energy X-Ray Tomographic Measurement of Local Phase Fractions in 3-Phase Bubble Columns,” 2006 ASME Joint U.S. - European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting, Miami, Fl, July 17–20, Paper No. FEDSM2006-98142.146.
Wu
, C.
, Cheng
, Y.
, Ding
, Y.
, Wei
, F.
, and Jin
, Y.
, 2007, “A Novel X-Ray Computed Tomography Method for Fast Measurement of Multiphase Flow
,” Chem. Eng. Sci.
, 62
(16
), pp. 4325
–4335.
147.
Du
, D.-X.
, Beni
, A. N.
, Farajzadeh
, R.
, and Zitha
, P. L. J.
, 2008, “Effect of Water Solubility on Carbon Dioxide Foam Flow in Porous Media: An X-Ray Computed Tomography Study
,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
, 47
(16
), pp. 6298
–6306.
148.
Hewitt
, G. F.
, 1982, “Measurement Techniques: Overall Measurements - Measurement of Void Fraction,”
Handbook of Multiphase Systems
, G.
Hetsroni
, ed., Hemisphere Publishing Corp.
, New York
, Chap. 10.2.1.2.149.
Drake
, J. B.
and Heindel
, T. J.
, 2011, “The Repeatability and Uniformity in 3D Fluidized Beds,”
Powder Technol. (submitted).150.
Heindel
, T. J.
, Jensen
, T. C.
, Drake
, J. B.
, McCormick
, N.
, and Riveland
, M. L.
, 2010, “3D X-Ray CT Imaging of Cavitation from a Butterfly Valve,” Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Multiphase Flow, Tampa, FL, May 30 – June 4, Paper No. 1746.151.
ASTM, 1997, “Standard Guide for Computed Tomography (CT) Imaging,” Technical Report, American Society for Testing and Materials.
152.
Lutran
, P. G.
, Ng
, K. M.
, and Delikat
, E. P.
, 1991, “Liquid Distribution in Trickle-Beds. An Experimental Study Using Computer-Assisted Tomography
,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
, 30
(6
), pp. 1270
–1280.
153.
Toye
, D.
, Marchot
, P.
, Crine
, M.
, Pelsser
, A. M.
, and L’Homme
, G.
, 1998, “Local Measurements of Void Fraction and Liquid Holdup in Packed Columns Using X-Ray Computed Tomography
,” Chem. Eng. Process.
, 37
(6
), pp. 511
–520.
154.
Schmit
, C. E.
, Cartmel
, D. B.
, and Eldridge
, R. B.
, 2001, “The Experimental Application of X-Ray Tomography to a Vapor-Liquid Contactor
,” Chem. Eng. Sci.
, 56
, pp. 3431
–3441.
155.
Van Der Merwe
, W.
, Nicol
, W.
, and De Beer
, F.
, 2007, “Three-Dimensional Analysis of Trickle Flow Hydrodynamics: Computed Tomography Image Acquisition and Processing
,” Chem. Eng. Sci.
, 62
(24
), pp. 7233
–7244.
156.
Kantzas
, A.
and Kalogerakis
, N.
, 1996, “Monitoring the Fluidization Characteristics of Polyolefin Resins Using X-Ray Computer Assisted Tomography Scanning
,” Chem. Eng. Sci.
, 51
(10
), pp. 1979
–1990.
157.
Kantzas
, A.
, Wright
, I.
, and Kalogerakis
, N.
, 1997, “Quantification of Channelling in Polyethylene Resin Fluid Beds Using X-Ray Computer Assisted Tomography (CAT)
,” Chem. Eng. Sci.
, 52
(13
), pp. 2023
–2035.
158.
Wu
, B.
, Yu
, G.
, Bellehumeur
, C.
, and Kantzas
, A.
, 2007, “Dynamic Flow Behavior Measurements in Gas-Solid Fluidized Beds Using Different Non-Intrusive Techniques and Polyethylene Powder
,” Flow Meas. Instrum.
, 18
(5
), pp. 197
–203.
159.
Chen
, M.-R.
, Hinkley
, R. E.
, and Killough
, J. E.
, 1996, “Computed Tomography Imaging of Air Sparging in Porous Media
,” Water Resour. Res.
, 32
(10
), pp. 3013
–3024.
160.
Anderson
, S. H.
, Peyton
, R. L.
, Wigger
, J. W.
, and Gantzer
, C. J.
, 1992, “Influence of Aggregate Size on Solute Transport as Measured Using Computed Tomography
,” Geoderma
, 53
(3
), pp. 387
–398.
161.
Heijs
, A. W. J.
, De Lange
, J.
, Schoute
, J. F. T.
, and Bouma
, J.
, 1995, “Computed Tomography as a Tool for Non-Destructive Analysis of Flow Patterns in Macroporous Clay Soils
,” Geoderma
, 64
, pp. 183
–196.
162.
Morooka
, S.
, Ishizuka
, T.
, Iizuka
, M.
, and Yoshimura
, K.
, 1989, “Experimental Study on Void Fraction in a Simulated BWR Fuel Assembly (Evaluation of Cross-Sectional Averaged Void Fraction)
,” Nucl. Eng. Des.
, 114
(1
), pp. 91
–98.
163.
Mitsutake
, T.
, Morooka
, S.
, Suzuki
, K.
, Tsunoyama
, S.
, and Yoshimura
, K.
, 1990, “Void Fraction Estimation within Rod Bundles Based on Three-Fluid Model and Comparison with X-Ray CT Void Data
,” Nucl. Eng. Des.
, 120
(2
), pp. 203
–212.
164.
Boden
, S.
, Bieberle
, M.
, and Hampel
, U.
, 2008, “Quantitative Measurement of Gas Hold-up Distribution in a Stirred Chemical Reactor Using X-Ray Cone-Beam Computed Tomography
,” Chem. Eng. J.
, 139
(2
), pp. 351
–362.
165.
Ford
, J. J.
, Heindel
, T. J.
, Jensen
, T. C.
, and Drake
, J. B.
, 2008, “X-Ray Computed Tomography of a Gas-Sparged Stirred-Tank Reactor
,” Chem. Eng. Sci.
, 63
, pp. 2075
–2085.
166.
Deza
, M.
, Battaglia
, F.
, and Heindel
, T. J.
, 2007, “Computational Modeling of Biomass in a Fluidized Bed Gasifier,” Proceedings of IMECE2007: 2007 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Seattle, WA, November 11–15, Paper No. IMECE2007-43097.167.
Franka
, N. P.
, Heindel
, T. J.
, and Battaglia
, F.
, 2007, “Visualizing Cold-Flow Fluidized Beds with X-Rays,” Proceedings of IMECE2007: 2007 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Seattle, WA, November 11–15, Paper No. IMECE2007-43073.168.
Deza
, M.
, Franka
, N. P.
, Battaglia
, F.
, and Heindel
, T. J.
, 2009, “CFD Modeling and X-Ray Imaging of Biomass in a Fluidized Bed
,” J. Fluids Eng.
, 131
(11
), p. 111303
.169.
Franka
, N. P.
, Drake
, J. B.
, and Heindel
, T. J.
, 2008, “Minimum Fluidization Velocity and Gas Holdup in Fluidized Beds with Side Port Air Injection,” Proceedings of FEDSM2008: 2008 ASME Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting, Jacksonville, FL, August 10–14, Paper No. FEDSM2008-55100.170.
Min
, J.
, Drake
, J. B.
, Fox
, R. O.
, and Heindel
, T. J.
, 2008, “CFD Modeling of Cold-Flow Fluidized Beds and Validation with X-Ray Computed Tomography,”
2008 AIChE Annual Meeting
, Philadelphia, PA
, November 16–21.171.
Deza
, M.
, Battaglia
, F.
, and Heindel
, T. J.
, 2008, “A Validation Study for the Hydrodynamics of Biomass in a Fluidized Bed,” Proceedings of FEDSM2008: 2008 ASME Fluids Engineering Division Summer Conference, Jacksonville, FL, August 10–14, Paper No. FEDSM2008-55158.172.
Deza
, M.
, Battaglia
, F.
, and Heindel
, T. J.
, 2009, “Modeling a Biomass Fluidizing Bed with Side Port Air Injection,” Proceedings of the 2009 ASME Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting, Vail, CO, August 2–6, Paper No. FEDSM2009-78372.173.
Gavi
, E.
, Heindel
, T. J.
, and Fox
, R. O.
, 2010, “Modeling Fluidization in Biomass Gasification Processes,” Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Multiphase Flow, Tampa, FL, May 30 – June 4, Paper No. 1956.174.
Min
, J.
, Drake
, J. B.
, Heindel
, T. J.
, and Fox
, R. O.
, 2010, “Experimental Validation of CFD Simulations of a Lab-Scale Fluidized-Bed Reactor with and without Side-Gas Injection
,” AIChE J.
, 56
(6
), pp. 1434
–1446.
175.
DiVall
, M.
and Heindel
, T. J.
, 2009, “X-Ray Flow Visualization of a Circular Hydraulic Jump,” Proceedings of the 2009 ASME Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting, Vail, CO, August 2–6, Paper No. FEDSM2009-78035.176.
Moreno-Atanasio
, R.
, Williams
, R. A.
, and Jia
, X.
, 2010, “Combining X-Ray Microtomography with Computer Simulation for Analysis of Granular and Porous Materials
,” Particuology
, 8
(2
), pp. 81
–99.
177.
Harvel
, G. D.
, Hori
, K.
, Kawanishi
, K.
, and Chang
, J. S.
, 1996, “Real-Time Cross-Sectional Averaged Void Fraction Measurements in Vertical Annulus Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow by Neutron Radiography and X-Ray Tomography Techniques
,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A
, 371
(3
), pp. 544
–552.
178.
Hori
, K.
, Kawanishi
, K.
, Hamamura
, H.
, Ochi
, M.
, and Akai
, M.
, 1994, “A High Speed X-Ray Computed Tomography Scanner for Multipurpose Flow Visualization and Measurement,” Proceedings of the Fourth International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Thermal-Hydraulics, Operations, and Safety, Taipei, Taiwan, April 6–8, pp. 43
-D-1–43-D-6
.179.
Hori
, K.
, Fujimoto
, T.
, and Kawanishi
, K.
, 1998, “Development of Ultra-Fast X-Ray Computed Tomography Scanner System
,” IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.
, 45
, pp. 2089
–2094.
180.
Hori
, K.
, Fujimoto
, T.
, Kawanishi
, K.
, and Nishikawa
, H.
, 2000, “Development of an Ultrafast X-Ray Computed Tomography Scanner System: Application for Measurement of Instantaneous Void Distribution of Gas–Liquid Two-Phase Flow
,” Heat TransferAsian Res.
, 29
(3
), pp. 155
–165.
181.
Kai
, T.
, Misawa
, M.
, Takahashi
, T.
, Tiseanu
, I.
, and Ichikawa
, N.
, 2005, “Observation of 3-D Structures of Bubbles in a Fluidized Catalyst Bed
,” The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering
, 83
, pp. 113
–118.
182.
Bieberle
, M.
and Hampel
, U.
, 2006, “Evaluation of a Limited Angle Scanned Electron Beam X-Ray CT Approach for Two-Phase Pipe Flows
,” Meas. Sci. Technol.
, 17
, pp. 2057
–2065
.183.
Bieberle
, M.
, Fischer
, F.
, Schleicher
, E.
, Franke
, M.
, Menz
, H. J.
, Mayer
, H. G.
, Laurien
, E.
, and Hampel
, U.
, 2010, “Ultrafast Multiphase Flow Imaging by Electron Beam X-Ray Computed Tomography,” Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Multiphase Flow, Tampa, FL, May 30 – June 4.184.
Bieberle
, M.
, Fischer
, F.
, Schleicher
, E.
, Menz
, H. J.
, Mayer
, H. G.
, and Hampel
, U.
, 2010, “Ultrafast Cross-Sectional Imaging of Gas-Particle Flow in a Fluidized Bed
,” AIChE J.
, 56
(8
), pp. 2221
–2225.
185.
Bieberle
, M.
, Schleicher
, E.
, Fischer
, F.
, Koch
, D.
, Menz
, H. J.
, Mayer
, H. G.
, and Hampel
, U.
, 2010, “Dual-Plane Ultrafast Limited-Angle Electron Beam X-Ray Tomography
,” Flow Meas. Instrum.
, 21
(3
), pp. 233
–239.
186.
Hu
, B.
, Stewart
, C.
, Hale
, C.
, Lawrence
, C.
, Hall
, A.
, Zwiens
, H.
, and Hewitt
, G.
, 2005, “Development of an X-Ray Computed Tomography (CT) System with Sparse Sources: Application to Three-Phase Pipe Flow Visualization
,” Exp. Fluids
, 39
(4
), pp. 667
–678.
187.
Waelchli
, S.
, Rudolph Von Rohr
, P.
, and Stampanoni
, M.
, 2005, “Multiphase Flow Visualization in Microchannels Using X-Ray Tomographic Microscopy (XTM)
,” J. Flow Visualization Image Process.
, 12
, pp. 1
–13.
188.
Wu
, C.
, Cheng
, Y.
, Liu
, M.
, and Jin
, Y.
, 2008, “Measurement of Axisymmetric Two-Phase Flows by an Improved X-Ray-Computed Tomography Technique
,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
, 47
(6
), pp. 2063
–2074.
189.
Charvet
, A.
, Rolland Du Roscoat
, S.
, Peralba
, M.
, Bloch
, J. F.
, and Gonthier
, Y.
, 2011, “Contribution of Synchrotron X-Ray Holotomography to the Understanding of Liquid Distribution in a Medium During Liquid Aerosol Filtration
,” Chem, Eng, Sci
, 66
(4
), pp. 624
–631.
Copyright © 2011
by American Society of Mechanical Engineers
You do not currently have access to this content.
