... benchmark information. Concepts, definitions, and equations derived for simulation errors and uncertainties provide the overall mathematical framework. Verification is defined as a process for assessing simulation numerical uncertainty and, when conditions permit, estimating the sign and magnitude...

... shows modeling errors of about 8 % D ( D is the measured resistance) and 6 % ζ max ( ζ max is the maximum wave elevation), which should be addressed for possible validation at the 3 % D and 4 % ζ max levels. Reducing the level of validation primarily requires reduction in experimental uncertainties...