Current research shows that the only hazardous air pollutant of significance emitted from large bore natural gas engines is formaldehyde A literature review on formaldehyde formation is presented focusing on the interpretation of published test data and its applicability to large bore natural gas engines. The relationship of formaldehyde emissions to that of other pollutants is described. Formaldehyde is seen to have a strong correlation to total hydrocarbon (THC) level in the exhaust. It is observed that the ratio of formaldehyde to THC concentration is roughly 1.0–2.5 percent for a very wide range of large bore engines and operating conditions. The impact of engine operating parameters, load, rpm, spark timing, and equivalence ratio, on formaldehyde emissions is also evaluated. [S0742-4795(00)01004-8]
Issue Section:
Alternative Fuels Combustion and Emissions
1.
Shareef, G. S., Ferry, K. R., Gundappa, M., Leatherwood, C. A., Ogle, L. D., and Campbell, L. M., 1996, “Measurement of Air Toxic Emissions from Natural Gas-Fired Internal Combustion Engines at Natural Gas Transmission and Storage Facilities, Volume I,” Gas Research Institute, GRI-96/0009.1.
2.
Skoog, D. A., and Leary, J. J., 1992, Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 4th ed., Saunders College Publishing.
3.
Lipari
, F.
, and Swarin
, S. J.
, 1982
, “Determination of Formaldehyde and Other Aldehydes in Automobile Exhaust with an Improved 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Method
,” J. Chromatogr.
, 247
, pp. 297
–206
.4.
Ogle, et al., 1995, “Measurement of Aldehydes in Internal Combustion Engine Exhaust,” GRI Air Toxics Conference, Denver, CO.
5.
Dahm, W. J. A., and Dimotakis, P. E., 1986, “Measurements of Entrainment and Mixing in Turbulent Jets,” AIAA J., 24, No. 9.
6.
Bardsley, M. E. A., Felton, P. G., and Bracco, F. V., 1989, “2-D Visualization of a Hollow-Cone Spray in a Cup-in-Head, Ported, I.C. Engine,” Paper SAE 890315.
7.
Kido, A., Ogawa, H., and Miyamo, N., 1993, “Quantitative Measurements and Analysis of Ambient Gas Entrainment Into Intermittent Gas Jets by Laser-Induced Fluorescence of Ambient Gas (LIFA),” Paper SAE 930970.
8.
Baritaud, T. A., and Heinze, T. A., 1992, “Gasoline Distribution Measurements with PLIF in a SI Engine,” SAE Paper 922355.
9.
Harrington
, J. E.
, and Smyth
, K. C.
, 1993
, “Laser-Induced Fluorescence Measurements of Formaldehyde in a Methane/Air Diffusion Flame
,” Chem. Phys. Lett.
, 202
, No. 3
, p. 4
4
.10.
Pearce, R. W. B., and Gaydon, A. G., 1976, The Identification of Molecular Spectra, 4th ed., Chapman and Hall, London.
11.
Garland, N. L., 1984, SRI International Report, MP 84-033.
12.
Smith, J. R., Green, R. M., Westbrook, C. K., and Pitz, W. J., 1984, 20th International Symposium on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, p. 91.
13.
Green, R. M., and Rychnovsky, R. E., 1994, “Exhaust Emissions of Alternative Fuels in Spark-Ignition Engines,” Final Report, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA.
14.
Stetter, J. R., Findlay, M. W., Maclay, G. J., Zhang, J., Vaihinger, S., and Gopel, W., 1990, “Sensor Array and Catalytic Filament for Chemical Analysis of Vapors and Mixtures,” Sensors and Actuators, Neucha^tel, Switzerland, pp. 43–47.
15.
Mitchell, C. E., and Olsen, D. B., 1998, “Mechanisms Affecting Formation of Formaldehyde in Large Bore Natural Gas Engines,” ASME-ICE Conference.
16.
Ryan, III, T. W., and Callahan, T. J., 1991, “Effects of Gas Composition on Engine Performance and Emissions,” Topical Report GETA 91-13, GRI-92-0054.
17.
Kim, C., and Foster, E. F., 1985, “Aldehyde and Unburned Fuel Emission Measurements from a Methanol-Fueled Texaco Stratified Charge Engine,” SAE Paper 852120.
18.
Ribeiro, J. C. M., Ohta, T., and Aoyama, T., 1992, “Study on Formaldehyde Generation Mechanism and Formaldehyde Reducing Items,” SAE Paper 921435.
19.
Ruy
, C.
, 1994
, “Zur Reactionkinetik bei der Erdgas/MethanVerbrennung im Hinblick auf das Zwishchenprodukt Formaldehyd
,” GASWARME International
, 43
, No. 3
, pp. 102
–109
.20.
Karim, G. A., Ito, K., Abraham, M., and Jensen, L., 1991, “An Examination of the Role of Formaldehyde in the Ignition Process of a Dual Fuel Engine,” SAE Paper 912367.
21.
Vlachos
, D. G.
, Schmidt
, L. D.
, and Aris
, R.
, 1994
, “Products in Methane Combustion Near Surfaces
,” AIChE J.
, 40
, No. 6
, pp. 1018
–1025
.22.
Boyer, R. L., Craig, D. R., and Miller, C. D., 1954, “A Photographic Study of Events in a 14-in. Two-Cycle Gas-Engine Cylinder,” Trans. ASME, Paper No. 53-S-45, pp. 97–108.
23.
Crawford, J. G., and Wallace, J. S., 1995, “Engine Operating Parameter Effects on the Speciated Aldehyde and Kettone Emissions from a Natural Gas Fueled Engine,” SAE Paper 952500.
24.
Jones, M. G. K., and Heaton, D. M., 1989, “Nebula Combustion System for Lean Burn Spark Ignited Gas Engines,” SAE Paper 890211.
25.
Warnatz
, J.
, 1979
, “Flame Velocity and Structure of Laminar Hydrocarbon-Air Flames
,” Prog. Astronaut. Aeronaut.
, 76
, pp. 501
–521
.Copyright © 2000
by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
