.... [ 20 ]. Because of the density inversion at T ρ ,max  ≈ 277.15 K ( θ  = 0.5), two discrete circulation cells observed inside the cavity. Between the temperature range of T m  <  T  <  T ρ ,max there appears clockwise circulation cell and for the interval of T m  <  T  <  T hot...

... to that of the initial temperature of the water. The top and bottom walls are insulated. Using thermally sensitive liquid crystal particles as tracers, flow and temperature fields of a temporally oscillatory convection was documented experimentally for Ra W = 3.454 × 10 5 with the density inversion parameter θ m = 0.5...