The research and development of powered exoskeletons is expected to support the walking of paraplegic patients. At the current stage, exoskeletons do not allow patients to voluntarily control their gait, nor do they provide sensory feedback to compensate for the loss of lower-body sensation. This paper proposes a wearable walking control interface to achieve voluntary gait control, and an electrical stimulation method to inform the patients about their foot position for voluntary gait control. In this study, a walking robot that simulated a paraplegic patient wearing an exoskeleton was used to investigate the performance of the proposed interface and stimulation method. We confirmed that, by using the interface, the subjects were able to control the robot gait for a distance of 3 m. Moreover, the accuracy of the electrical stimulation feedback was confirmed to approximate the visual feedback achieved through the human eyes. The experimental results revealed that the proposed interface and electrical stimulation feedback could be applied to a walking support system for patients with complete paraplegia.

References

1.
Kiguchi
,
K.
,
Tanaka
,
T.
, and
Fukuda
,
T.
,
2004
, “
Neuro-Fuzzy Control of a Robotic Exoskeleton With EMG Signals
,”
IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst.
,
12
(
4
), pp.
481
490
.
2.
Yin
,
Y. H.
,
Fan
,
Y. J.
, and
Xu
,
L. D.
,
2012
, “
EMG and EPP-Integrated Human–Machine Interface Between the Paralyzed and Rehabilitation Exoskeleton
,”
IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed.
,
16
(
4
), pp.
542
549
.
3.
Nam
,
Y.
,
Koo
,
B.
,
Cichocki
,
A.
, and
Choi
,
S.
,
2014
, “
GOM-Face: GKP, EOG, and EMG-Based Multimodal Interface With Application to Humanoid Robot Control
,”
IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.
,
61
(
2
), pp.
453
462
.
4.
McMullen
,
D. P.
,
Hotson
,
G.
,
Katyal
,
K. D.
,
Wester
,
B. A.
,
Fifer
,
M. S.
,
McGee
,
T. G.
,
Harris
,
A.
,
Johannes
,
M. S.
,
Vogelstein
,
R. J.
,
Ravitz
,
A. D.
,
Anderson
,
W. S.
,
Thakor
,
N. V.
, and
Crone
,
N. E.
,
2014
, “
Demonstration of a Semi-Autonomous Hybrid Brain–Machine Interface Using Human Intracranial EEG, Eye Tracking, and Computer Vision to Control a Robotic Upper Limb Prosthetic
,”
IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil Eng.
,
22
(
4
), pp.
784
796
.
5.
Ma
,
J.
,
Zhang
,
Y.
,
Cichocki
,
A.
, and
Matsuno
,
F.
,
2015
, “
A Novel EOG/EEG Hybrid Human–Machine Interface Adopting Eye Movements and ERPS: Application to Robot Control
,”
IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.
,
62
(
3
), pp.
876
889
.
6.
Hortal
,
E.
,
Planelles
,
D.
,
Costa
,
A.
,
Iáñez
,
E.
,
Úbeda
,
A.
,
Azorín
,
J. M.
, and
Fernández
,
E.
,
2015
, “
Svm-Based Brain–Machine Interface for Controlling a Robot Arm Through Four Mental Tasks
,”
Neurocomputing
,
151
, pp.
116
121
.
7.
Strickland
,
E.
,
2012
, “
Good-Bye, Wheelchair
,”
IEEE Spectrum
,
49
(
1
), pp. 30–32.
8.
Suzuki
,
K.
,
Mito
,
G.
,
Kawamoto
,
H.
,
Hasegawa
,
Y.
, and
Sankai
,
Y.
,
2007
, “
Intention-Based Walking Support for Paraplegia Patients With Robot Suit Hal
,”
Adv. Rob.
,
21
(
12
), pp.
1441
1469
.http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/10088/InTech-Intention_based_walking_support_for_paraplegia_patients_with_robot_suit_hal.pdf
9.
Tsukahara
,
A.
,
Hasegawa
,
Y.
, and
Sankai
,
Y.
,
2011
, “
Gait Support for Complete Spinal Cord Injury Patient by Synchronized Leg-Swing With HAL
,”
IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems
(
IROS
), San Francisco, CA, Sept. 25–30, pp.
1737
1742
.
10.
Tsukahara
,
A.
,
Kawanishi
,
R.
,
Hasegawa
,
Y.
, and
Sankai
,
Y.
,
2010
, “
Sit-to-Stand and Stand-to-Sit Transfer Support for Complete Paraplegic Patients With Robot Suit HAL
,”
Adv. Rob.
,
24
(
11
), pp.
1615
1638
.
11.
Fan
,
R. E.
,
Culjat
,
M. O.
,
King
,
C.-H.
,
Franco
,
M. L.
,
Boryk
,
R.
,
Bisley
,
J. W.
,
Dutson
,
E.
, and
Grundfest
,
W. S.
,
2008
, “
A Haptic Feedback System for Lower-Limb Prostheses
,”
IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng.
,
16
(
3
), pp.
270
277
.
12.
Cheng
,
A.
,
Nichols
,
K. A.
,
Weeks
,
H. M.
,
Gurari
,
N.
, and
Okamura
,
A. M.
,
2012
, “
Conveying the Configuration of a Virtual Human Hand Using Vibrotactile Feedback
,”
IEEE Haptics Symposium
(
HAPTICS
), Vancouver, BC, Mar. 4–7, pp.
155
162
.
13.
Alejandro
,
H. A.
,
Kato
,
R.
,
Yokoi
,
H.
,
Arai
,
T.
, and
Ohnishi
,
T.
,
2006
, “
An FMRI Study on the Effects of Electrical Stimulation as Biofeedback
,”
IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems
, Beijing, China, Oct. 9–15, pp.
4336
4342
.
14.
Arieta
,
A. H.
,
Yokoi
,
H.
,
Arai
,
T.
, and
Yu
,
W.
,
2006
, “
Study on the Effects of Electrical Stimulation on the Pattern Recognition for an EMG Prosthetic Application
,”
27th Annual International Conference of the Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society
(
IEEE-EMBS
), Shanghai, China, Jan. 17–18, pp.
6919
6922
.
15.
Kaczmarek
,
K. A.
,
Webster
,
J. G.
,
Bach
,
y.
,
Rita
,
P.
, and
Tompkins
,
W. J.
,
1991
, “
Electrotactile and Vibrotactile Displays for Sensory Substitution Systems
,”
IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.
,
38
(
1
), pp.
1
16
.
16.
Hasegawa
,
Y.
, and
Nakayama
,
K.
,
2014
, “
Finger-Mounted Walk Controller of Powered Exoskeleton for Paraplegic Patient's Walk
,”
IEEE World Automation Congress
(
WAC
), Waikoloa, HI, Aug. 3–7, pp.
400
405
.
17.
Hasegawa
,
Y.
,
Nakayama
,
K.
,
Ozawa
,
K.
, and
Li
,
M.
,
2015
, “
Electric Stimulation Feedback for Gait Control of Walking Robot
,”
IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems
(
IROS
), Hamburg, Germany, Sept. 28–Oct. 2, pp.
14
19
.
18.
Li
,
M.
,
Yuan
,
Z.
,
Wang
,
X.
, and
Hasegawa
,
Y.
,
2017
, “
Electric Stimulation and Cooperative Control for Paraplegic Patient Wearing an Exoskeleton
,”
Rob. Auton. Syst.
,
98
, pp.
204
212
.
19.
Buss
,
S. R.
,
2004
, “
Introduction to Inverse Kinematics With Jacobian Transpose, Pseudoinverse and Damped Least Squares Methods
,”
IEEE J. Rob. Autom.
,
17
, 1–19.http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.73.8406&rep=rep1&type=pdf
20.
Hasegawa
,
Y.
, and
Ozawa
,
K.
,
2014
, “
Pseudo-Somatosensory Feedback About Joint's Angle Using Electrode Array
,”
IEEE/SICE International Symposium on System Integration
(
SII
), Tokyo, Japan, Dec. 13–15, pp.
644
649
.
You do not currently have access to this content.